Semiconductor optoelectronic structure with increased light extraction efficiency

ABSTRACT

A semiconductor optoelectronic structure with increased light extraction efficiency, includes a substrate; a buffer layer is formed on the substrate and includes a pattern having plural grooves formed adjacent to the substrate; a semiconductor layer is formed on the buffer layer and includes an n-type conductive layer formed on the buffer layer, an active layer formed on the n-type conductive layer, and a p-type conductive layer formed on the active layer; a transparent electrically conductive layer is formed on the semiconductor layer; a p-type electrode is formed on the transparent electrically conductive layer; and an n-type electrode is formed on the n-type conductive layer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/836,075, filed on Jul. 14, 2010, entitled “SEMICONDUCTOROPTOELECTRONIC STRUCTURE WITH INCREASED LIGHT EXTRACTION EFFICIENCY ANDFABRICATION METHOD THEREOF” which is assigned to the same assignee asthe present application, and which is based on and claims priority fromTaiwan Patent Application No. 098123854 filed in Taiwan on Jul. 15,2009. The disclosures of patent application Ser. No. 12/836,075 and theTaiwan Patent Application are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present invention relates to a Group III nitride semiconductoroptoelectronic structure and a fabrication method thereof, and relatesmore particularly to a semiconductor optoelectronic structure withincreased light extraction efficiency and a fabrication method thereof.

2. Description of Related Art

Light generated by the active layer in a traditional light emittingdiode structure cannot be completely emitted outside the light emittingdiode structure because light may partially transmit in a lateralwaveguide and be totally reflected in the light emitting diodestructure. In addition, internal constituents such as an active layer, abuffer layer, defects of material, and metal electrodes may absorb aportion of the light. Thus, the light extraction efficiency of thetraditional light emitting structure is low.

Using a GaN-based Group III nitride blue-and-white-emitting lightemitting diode as an example, the critical angle at which totalreflection occurs for a uniform interface between the GaN (galliumnitride) material with a refractive index of 2.5 and the air with arefractive index of 1 is calculated to be 23.5 degrees. Therefore, lightemitted from the active layer of a GaN light emitting diode and incidenton the interface at an angle greater than 23.5 degrees is completelyreflected back to the active layer, and reflected within the activelayer until the light is completely absorbed.

One method to reduce the amount of light undergoing total reflectionwithin the active layer is to generate irregular or roughened structureson the active layer for scattering light. However, because the p-typeGaN layer on the active layer is very thin, the dry etching depth andthe impairment caused by plasma ions cannot be effectively controlledduring the etching process. Other methods are to roughen the surface ofa light emitting diode or the side surface of a cutting area forincreasing the light extraction efficiency.

FIGS. 1A and 1B show a roughened structure on a surface of a lightemitting diode disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,441,403. Referring to FIG.1A, the method provided by U.S. Pat. No. 6,441,403 forms an epitaxiallayer 117 on a sapphire substrate 101. When a p-GaN layer 109 is formed,the temperature is lowered, the growth speed is adjusted, and the ratioof Group III element to Group V element is adjusted so that a roughsurface is obtained. Next, an etch process is performed to expose then-GaN layer 105 and to form a cutting area. An n-type electrode 113 anda p-type electrode 115 are separately formed on the p-GaN layer 109 andthe n-GaN layer 105. Finally, a plurality of chips is obtained through acutting process. Further, in the epitaxial layer 117 of FIG. 1B, then-GaN layer 105 can be formed after the formation of the p-GaN layer109. On the n-GaN layer 105, an n-GaN layer 111 having a rough surfacecan be formed. In the method, a single surface is roughened; althoughthe light extraction efficiency can be improved, some light may stillenter into the sapphire substrate 101 and be confined within the lightemitting diode. Moreover, an electrode directly formed on a roughsurface may cause a device driving voltage increase issue.

FIGS. 2A and 2B show a light emitting diode structure disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 7,053,420. Referring to FIG. 2A, a concave and convex surface203 a is initially formed on a sapphire substrate 201. A buffer layer205 with different refractive index can next be formed on the concaveand convex surface 203 a. A semiconductor layer 213, including an n-typeconduction layer 207, a light-emitting layer 209, and a p-typeconduction layer 211, is then formed on the buffer layer 205. Further,the difference between the structure of FIG. 2A and the structure ofFIG. 2B is that the concave and convex surface 203 b in the structure ofFIG. 2B has a triangular wave shape. The patent teaches that one surfaceof the sapphire substrate is processed to form a concave and convexsurface. Because the sapphire substrate has characteristics such assurface hardness, high thermal stability, and stable chemicalproperties, the processing of the sapphire substrate is difficult. Inaddition, nitride semiconductor has refractive index of 2.3, and asapphire substrate has refractive index has refractive index of 1.8. Thetwo differ in a value of 0.5. Consequently, a portion of light may enterinto the sapphire substrate without being efficiently utilized.

FIGS. 3A to 3C and FIGS. 3A′ to 3C′ demonstrate a process methoddisclosed in a paper entitled “Improved luminance intensity of InGaN—GaNlight-emitting diode by roughening both the p-GaN surface and theundoped-GaN surface,” APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 89, 041116 (2006). Theprocess method combines a surface-roughening technique, a wafer-bondingtechnique, and a laser lift-off technique to manufacture alight-emitting diode having two rough surfaces. Referring to FIG. 3C,the process method forms an epitaxial layer 311 on a sapphire substrate301. Next, using inductively coupled plasma process, the method dryetches a p-GaN layer 307 to obtain a rough surface. Next, a transparentconduction layer 309 is formed on the rough surface of the p-GaN layer307. Next, a p-type electrode 313 is formed on the transparentconduction layer 309, and an n-type electrode 315 is formed on anundoped GaN layer 305. Thereafter, a laser is applied to separate thesapphire substrate 301 from the epitaxial layer 311. The undoped GaNlayer 305 is then wet etched, and an adhesive layer 303 is applied forbonding the epitaxial layer 311 and the sapphire substrate 301 togetherso that two rough surfaces are obtained. FIG. 3A shows a generallight-emitting diode having no processed light output surface. FIG. 3Bshows a light-emitting diode having a single rough surface. The lightoutput surface perpendicular to the light-emitting direction isroughened. FIG. 3C shows a light-emitting diode having two roughsurfaces. The light output surface of the p-GaN layer perpendicular tothe light-emitting direction and the surface of the undoped GaN layeropposite to the light output surface are roughened.

Comparing the light extraction efficiency of the above three structures,FIG. 3A′, corresponding to FIG. 3A, shows the behavior of photons in ageneral light-emitting diode. Due to the planar light output surface,photons incident at an angle greater than 23.5 degrees will be reflectedback to the active layer so that the light extraction efficiency is low.FIG. 3B′, corresponding to FIG. 3B, shows the behavior of photons in alight-emitting diode having a single rough surface. It can be seen thatthe rough surface does not limit the emission of photons to an anglebelow the critical angle of 23.5 degrees. Therefore, the light emittingefficiency can be improved. FIG. 3C′, corresponding to FIG. 3C, showsthe behavior of photons in a light-emitting diode having two roughsurfaces. Roughening the surface of the undoped GaN layer can reflectphotons so as to further improve the luminance intensity of the roughlight output surface, to further improve the light extraction efficiencycompared to that of the structure of FIG. 3B. Although the above methodcan improve the light extraction efficiency, the light-emitting diodeneeds two bonding steps, resulting in process stability andmanufacturing yield issues.

Thus, the method of the present invention does not have theabove-mentioned drawbacks, and can improve the light extractionefficiency of a light emitting diode. Further, the method of the presentinvention can reduce the intensity of defects in an epitaxial layer,thereby improving the quality of the epitaxial layer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be described according to the appended drawings inwhich:

FIGS. 1A and 1B show a roughened structure on a surface of a lightemitting diode disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,441,403;

FIGS. 2A and 2B show a light emitting diode structure disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 7,053,420;

FIGS. 3A to 3C and FIGS. 3A′ to 3C′ demonstrate a process methoddisclosed in a paper entitled “Improved luminance intensity of InGaN—GaNlight-emitting diode by roughening both the p-GaN surface and theundoped-GaN surface,” APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 89, 041116 (2006);

FIG. 4 is a flow chart showing the steps of a fabrication methodaccording the first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing the steps of a fabrication methodaccording the second embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 6A to 6G and 6F′ to 6G′ are cross-sectional views showing thesteps of a first manufacturing method for a semiconductor optoelectronicstructure with increased light extraction efficiency according to oneembodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 7A to 7B and 7A′ to 7B′ are cross-sectional views showing thesteps of a first manufacturing method for another structure according toone embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 8A to 8G and 8F′ to 8G′ are cross-sectional views showing thesteps of a second manufacturing method for a semiconductoroptoelectronic structure with increased light extraction efficiencyaccording to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 9A to 9C and 9A′ to 9B′ are cross-sectional views showing thesteps of a second manufacturing method for another structure accordingto one embodiment of the present invention; and

FIGS. 10A to 10D respectively demonstrate silicon dioxide layers havingdifferent patterns according to one embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

One aspect of the present invention suggests a semiconductoroptoelectronic structure with increased light extraction efficiency anda fabrication method thereof. In order to thoroughly understand thepresent invention, detailed descriptions of method steps and componentsare provided below. Clearly, the implementation of the present inventionis not limited to the specific details that are familiar to personsskilled in the art related to optoelectronic device process. On theother hand, components or method steps, which are well known, are notdescribed in detail. A preferred embodiment of the present invention isdescribed in detail as follows. However, in addition to the preferreddetailed description, other embodiments can be broadly employed, and thescope of the present invention is not limited by any of the embodiments,but should be defined in accordance with the following claims and theirequivalent.

One objective of the present invention is to improve the lightextraction efficiency of a light emitting diode structure so as toincrease the luminance intensity of the light emitting diode.

Another objective of the present invention is to reduce the intensity ofdefects in an epitaxial process, improving the epitaxial layer quality.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart showing the steps of a first fabrication methodaccording the first embodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 6A to 6Eare cross-sectional views showing the corresponding steps of the firstmanufacturing method for a semiconductor optoelectronic structure withincreased light extraction efficiency according to one embodiment of thepresent invention. As shown in Step 4-1 of FIG. 4 and FIG. 6A, asubstrate 601 is initially provided. The substrate 601 can be a sapphire(Al2O3) substrate, a silicon carbide (SiC) substrate, a lithiumaluminate (LiAlO2) substrate, a lithium gallates (LiGaO2) substrate, asilicon substrate, a gallium nitride (GaN) substrate, a zinc oxide (ZnO)substrate, an aluminum zinc oxide (AlZnO) substrate, a gallium arsenide(GaAs) substrate, a gallium phosphide (GaP) substrate, a galliumantimonide (GaSb) substrate, an indium phosphide (InP) substrate, anindium arsenide (InAs) substrate, or a zinc selenide (ZnSe) substrate,wherein the sapphire substrate is preferred. In addition, a cleaningprocess can be applied to clean the surfaces of a substrate 601. Forexample, the substrate 601 can be thermally cleaned in a hydrogenenvironment at a temperature of 1200 degrees.

As shown in Step 4-2 of FIG. 4 and FIG. 6A, a patterned silicon dioxidelayer is formed on the substrate 601. Silicon dioxide is initiallydeposited on the substrate 601 to form a thin film 603 using a chemicalvapor deposition process or a low temperature sputtering depositionprocess. Next, a photoresist film is formed on the surface of thesilicon dioxide layer 603. The photoresist film is patterned byphotolithography to expose the portions to be etched. Finally, a wetetch, dry etch, or an etch method using inductively coupled plasmaetcher is applied to obtain a patterned silicon dioxide layer 603.

The patterned silicon dioxide layer 603 can be a continuous pattern or apartially continuous pattern as shown in FIGS. 10A to 10D respectivelydemonstrating silicon dioxide layers having different patterns. FIG. 10Ashows plural cylindrical grooves. FIG. 10B shows plural hexagonalcolumnar grooves. FIG. 10C shows square prism-shaped grooves. FIG. 10Dshows elongated grooves. In addition to the above-mentioned grooves, thegrooves can be formed with other shapes. The patterns of FIGS. 10A to10C are continuous, while the pattern of FIG. 10D is partiallycontinuous.

As shown in Step 4-3 of FIG. 4 and FIG. 6B, Group III nitride groovefilling layer or a so-called buffer layer 605 is formed on the patternedsilicon dioxide layer 603. Because the silicon dioxide ispolycrystalline, the monocrystalline Group III nitride layer, thelattice of which is not matched to that of the silicon dioxide cannot beepitaxially grown directly on the silicon dioxide layer due to theepitaxially lateral overgrowth phenomenon. During an epitaxial process,discontinuous gaps may be formed between the Group III nitride layer andthe silicon dioxide layer. When the Group III nitride material growingfrom cavities 627 reaches the surface of the silicon dioxide layer 603,the Group III material may grow laterally and join together to form aplanar filling layer. The groove filling layer 605 can be a buffer layerfor increasing the epitaxial quality of a semiconductor layer. In thepresent embodiment, the Group III groove filling layer 605 can beAlxInyGa1-x-yN where 0≦x≦1 and 0≦y≦1.

As shown in Step 4-4 of FIG. 4 and FIG. 6C, a semiconductor layer 615 isformed on the Group III nitride groove filling layer 605. Thesemiconductor layer 615 may comprise an n-type conductive layer 607, anactive layer 609, an electron-blocking layer 611, and a p-typeconductive layer 613. The semiconductor layer 615 can be deposited onthe groove filling layer 605 by a metal organic chemical vapordeposition process or molecular beam epitaxy process. In the presentembodiment, the group IV atom can be a silicon atom. The siliconprecursor in the metal organic chemical vapor deposition equipment canbe silane (SiH4) or disilane (Si2H6). The n-type conductive layer 607 ismanufactured by initially forming a gallium nitride (GaN) layer dopedwith highly concentrated silicon or an aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN)doped with highly concentrated silicon, and then forming a galliumnitride layer doped with low concentrated silicon or an aluminum galliumnitride doped with low concentrated silicon. The gallium nitride layerdoped with highly concentrated silicon or the aluminum gallium nitridedoped with highly concentrated silicon can make the n-type electrodeshave better electrical conductivity.

Thereafter, an active layer 609 is formed on the n-type conductive layer607, wherein the active layer 609 can be a single hetero-structurelayer, a double hetero-structure layer, a single quantum well layer, ora multiple quantum well layer. The quantum well layer can be of indiumgallium nitride, and the electron-blocking layer can be made of aternary alloy such as aluminum gallium nitride. Further, a quaternaryalloy such as AlxInyGa1-x-yN can be used for formation of the quantumwell layer and the electron-blocking layer, wherein theelectron-blocking layer with a wide band gap and the quantum well layerwith a narrow band gap can be obtained by adjusting the concentrationsof aluminum and indium in the aluminum indium gallium nitride. Theactive layer 609 can be doped with an n-type or p-type dopant, or can bedoped with an n-type and p-type dopants simultaneously, or can includeno dopants. In addition, the quantum well layer can be doped and theelectron-blocking layer can be not doped; the quantum well layer can benot doped and the electron-blocking layer can be doped; both the quantumwell layer and the electron-blocking layer can be doped; or neither thequantum well layer nor the electron-blocking layer can be doped.Further, a portion of the quantum well layer can be delta-doped.

Next, a p-type conductive electron-blocking layer 611 is formed on theactive layer 609. The p-type conductive electron-blocking layer 611 maycomprise a first Group III-V semiconductor layer and a second GroupIII-V semiconductor layer. The first and second Group III-Vsemiconductor layers can have two different band gaps, and areperiodically and repeatedly deposited on the active layer 609. Theperiodic and repeated deposition process can form an electron-blockinglayer 611 having a wider band gap, which is higher than that of theactive layer, so as to block excessive electrons overflowing from theactive layer 609. The first Group III-V semiconductor layer can be analuminum indium gallium nitride (AlxInyGa1-x-yN) layer. The second GroupIII-V semiconductor layer can be an aluminum indium gallium nitride(AluInvGa1-u-vN) layer, wherein 0≦x≦1, 0≦y≦1, x+y≦1, 0≦u≦1, 0≦v≦1, andu+v≦1. When x is equal to u, y is not equal to v. Further, the first andsecond Group III-V semiconductor layers can be of gallium nitride (GaN),aluminum nitride (AlN), indium nitride (InN), aluminum gallium nitride(AlGaN), indium gallium nitride (InGaN), or aluminum indium nitride(AlInN).

Finally, a Group II atom can be doped to form a p-type conductive layer613 on the electron-blocking layer 611. In the present embodiment, theGroup II atom can be a magnesium atom. The magnesium precursor in themetal organic chemical vapor deposition equipment can be CP2Mg. Thep-type conductive layer 613 can be manufactured by initially forming agallium nitride layer doped with low concentrated magnesium or analuminum gallium nitride doped with low concentrated magnesium, and thenforming a gallium nitride layer with highly concentrated magnesium or analuminum gallium nitride doped with highly concentrated magnesium. Thegallium nitride layer doped with highly concentrated magnesium or thealuminum gallium nitride doped with highly concentrated magnesium canprovide p-type electrodes with better electrical conductivity.

As shown in Step 4-5 of FIG. 4 and FIG. 6D, the patterned silicondioxide layer 603 is removed so that a groove pattern layer having aplurality of grooves 617 is formed on the groove filling/buffer layer605 and adjacent to the substrate 601. In one embodiment of the presentinvention, the silicon dioxide layer can be removed by a wet chemicaletch process. Etchant that is able to react with oxide is selected andprepared at a suitable concentration. The silicon dioxide layer 603 isimmersed in the etchant, which reacts with the silicon dioxide so as toremove the silicon dioxide layer 603. After the removal of the silicondioxide layer, a pillar-like Group nitride layer remains and is attachedto the substrate.

The silicon dioxide layer can be immersed in the etchant with theapplication of ultrasonic power and UV radiation, and with the increaseof reaction temperature such that the reaction between the etchant andthe silicon dioxide layer can be accelerated. The temperature of theetchant is up to approximately 150 degrees Celsius. Buffered oxideetchant solution (BOE) can be chosen as the etchant for etching silicondioxide (SiO2) or silicon nitride (Si3N4). The buffered oxide etchantsolution is a mixing solution of ammonium fluoride (NH4F) solution andhydrogen fluoride (HF). The preparation method of the buffered oxideetchant solution includes initial preparation of 40% by weight ofammonium fluoride solution, and 40% by weight of ammonium fluoridesolution and a solution of 49% HF concentration are blended to prepare10% by volume of buffered oxide etchant solution. Specifically, 90 gramsof granular ammonium fluoride is added to 135 mL of deionized water andthen stirred to dissolve. 180 mL of ammonium fluoride solution istransferred to a container using a volumetric flask, and 20 mL of asolution of 49% HF concentration is introduced to the same container. Asa result, the buffered oxide etchant solution is obtained. The silicondioxide layer 603 is immersed in the etchant in a short time. Finally,the silicon dioxide layer 603 is completely removed and continuous ordiscontinuous grooves 617 are formed on the groove filling layer 605 andadjacent to the substrate 601.

If another etchant is utilized to etch the surface of the Group IIInitride layer, the surface irregularity can be increased so that thelight extraction efficiency of the semiconductor layer can be furtherimproved.

As shown in Step 4-6, Step 4-7, and FIG. 6E, the semiconductor layer 615is etched to form a cutting region 631. Photoresist is spread to form aphotoresist film completely covering the surface of the p-typeconductive layer 613 by centrifugal force caused by a spin coater. Thephotoresist film is patterned by photolithography to form a maskexposing the portions to be etched. Then, a wet etch, dry etch, or anetch method using inductively coupled plasma etcher is applied toperform a mesa process. The mesa process is performed to etch thesemiconductor layer 615 so as to form a cutting region 631 andsimultaneously to expose the n-type conductive layer 607.

A transparent electrically conductive layer 619 is then formed on thesemiconductor layer 615. The transparent electrically conductive layer619 can be formed on the semiconductor layer 615 using an evaporationdeposition, sputtering deposition, or physical vapor deposition process.The transparent electrically conductive layer 619 may comprise nickelgold, indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, indium tungsten oxide, orindium gallium oxide.

In an alternative embodiment, a transparent electrically conductivelayer 619 can be formed on the semiconductor layer 615, and thetransparent electrically conductive layer 619 and the semiconductorlayer 615 are partially etched to form the cutting region 631.

Following Step 4-7, as shown in FIGS. 6F and 6G, an n-type electrode 623is formed on the n-type conductive layer 607, and a p-type electrode 621is formed on the transparent electrically conductive layer 619 bygeneral processes for manufacturing general light emitting diodes. Then-type electrode 623 and the p-type electrode 621 can be formed bydepositing metal on the n-type conductive layer 607 and the transparentelectrically conductive layer 619 using a physical evaporationdeposition process such as a sputtering deposition process or anevaporation deposition process.

The n-type electrode 623 may comprise titanium/aluminum/titanium/gold,chrome-gold alloy, or lead-gold alloy. The p-type electrode 621 maycomprise nickel gold alloy, platinum gold alloy, tungsten, chrome-goldalloy, or palladium.

Finally, as shown in FIG. 6G, an insulating layer 625 for protecting thesemiconductor device can be formed to enclose the semiconductoroptoelectronic structure while exposing the n-type electrode 623 and thep-type electrode 621. The insulating layer comprises silicon dioxide,epoxy, silicon nitride, titanium dioxide, or aluminum nitride.

Referring to FIG. 6F′ and 6G′, before the formation of the transparentelectrically conductive layer 619, an additional wet etch process, dryetch process, or etch method using an inductively coupled plasma etchercan be performed to roughen the surface of the p-type conductive layer613. After the rough surface is formed, the subsequent step for formingthe transparent electrically conductive layer 619 can be continued.

Referring to FIGS. 7A, 7A′, 7B, and 7B′, the bottom surface of theplural grooves 617 can be roughened for increasing the light extractionefficiency of the semiconductor optoelectronic structure. Aftercontinuous grooves 617 as shown in FIG. 6D are formed by removing thesilicon dioxide layer, a second wet etch process can be performed forforming a rough surface on the groove filling layer 605. The second wetetch process introduces etchant into the semiconductor optoelectronicstructure via the continuous grooves 617 for etching the surface of theGroup III nitride groove filling layer 605. The etchant can be potassiumhydroxide (KOH) solution, sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution or phosphoricacid (H3PO4) solution. During the second etch process, ultrasonic powerand UV radiation energy can be used, and the temperature of the etchantis increased for accelerating the reaction between the etchant and theGroup III nitride groove filling layer 605, resulting in finishing thereaction in several seconds. The sequent process steps are similar tothose for manufacturing the embodiments shown in FIGS. 6E and 6F.Therefore, the descriptions of the process steps are not repeated here.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing the steps of a fabrication methodaccording the second embodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 8A to 8Eare cross-sectional views showing the steps of a second manufacturingmethod for a semiconductor optoelectronic structure with increased lightextraction efficiency according to one embodiment of the presentinvention. Because Step 5-1 is similar to Step 4-1, detailed descriptionis not repeated.

As shown in Step 5-2 and FIG. 8A, a lower buffer layer 803 is formed ona substrate 801 by a metal organic chemical vapor deposition process ormolecular beam epitaxy process. The lower buffer layer 803 can beAlxInyGa1-x-yN where 0≦x≦1 and 0≦y≦1.

As shown in Step 5-3 and in FIG. 8A, a patterned silicon dioxide layer805 is formed on the lower buffer layer 803 by depositing silicondioxide on the substrate using a chemical vapor deposition process or alow temperature sputtering deposition process. Next, a patternedphotoresist film is formed on the surface of the silicon dioxide layer805, exposing the portions to be etched. Finally, a wet etch, dry etch,or an etch method using inductively coupled plasma etcher is applied toobtain a patterned silicon dioxide layer 805. The patterned silicondioxide layer 805 can have a continuous pattern or a partiallycontinuous pattern, which can include plural cylindrical grooves asshown in FIG. 10A, a plural hexagonal columnar grooves as shown in FIG.10B, square prism-shaped grooves as shown in FIG. 10C, and elongatedgrooves as shown in FIG. 10D. The patterns of FIGS. 10A to 10C arecontinuous, while the pattern of FIG. 10D is partially continuous.

As shown in Step 5-4 and in FIG. 8B, a Group III nitride groove fillinglayer/upper buffer layer 807 is formed on the patterned silicon dioxidelayer 805. Due to lattice mismatch, discontinuous gaps may be formedbetween the Group III nitride groove filling layer/upper buffer layer807 and the silicon dioxide layer 805 during an epitaxial process. Whenthe Group III nitride material growing from cavities 833 using chemicalvapor deposition process reaches the surface of the silicon dioxidelayer, the Group III material may grow laterally and join together toform a planar groove filling layer/upper buffer layer 807. The fillinglayer can be a buffer layer for increasing the epitaxial quality of asemiconductor layer. The Group III groove filling layer 807 can beAlxInyGa1-x-yN where 0≦x≦1 and 0≦y≦1.

As shown in Step 5-5 and FIG. 8C, a semiconductor layer 819 including ann-type conductive layer 811, an active layer 813, an electron-blockinglayer 815 and a p-type conductive layer 817 is formed on the groovefilling layer 807 by a metal organic chemical vapor deposition processor molecular beam epitaxy process.

The material used and manufacturing steps adopted for forming the n-typeconductive layer 811, the active layer 813, the electron-blocking layer815 and the p-type conductive layer 817 are similar to those for formingthe n-type conductive layer 607, the active layer 609, theelectron-blocking layer 611, and the p-type conductive layer 613described in Step 4-4. Thus, details are not repeated here.

As shown in Step 5-6 and FIG. 8D, the patterned silicon dioxide layer805 is removed so that a groove pattern layer having a plurality ofgrooves 821 can be formed between the groove filling/upper buffer layer807 and the lower buffer layer 803. The patterned silicon dioxide layer805 can be removed using the similar etchant and processing stepsdisclosed in the above Step 4-5. Thus, the details are not repeatedhere.

If another etchant is utilized to etch the surface of the Group IIInitride layer 807, the surface irregularity can be increased so that thelight extraction efficiency of the semiconductor layer 819 can befurther improved.

As shown in Step 5-7 and FIG. 8E, the semiconductor layer 819 is etchedto form a cutting region 825 using the processes described in the aboveStep 4-6 and 4-7, and a transparent electrically conductive layer 823 isthen formed on the semiconductor layer 819 using an evaporationdeposition, sputtering deposition, or physical vapor deposition processas shown in Step 5-8, wherein the transparent electrically conductivelayer may comprise nickel gold, indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide,indium tungsten oxide, or indium gallium oxide.

Alternatively, a transparent electrically conductive layer 823 is formedon the semiconductor layer 819, and a cutting region 825 is then etchedto expose the n-type conductive layer by lithography and mesa processes.

Referring to FIGS. 8F and 8G, an n-type electrode 829 and a p-typeelectrode 827 can be separately formed on the n-type conductive layer811 and the transparent electrically conductive layer 823 by depositingmetal, using a physical evaporation deposition process such as asputtering deposition process or an evaporation deposition process. Then-type electrode 829 may comprise titanium/aluminum/titanium/gold,chrome-gold alloy, or lead-gold alloy. The p-type electrode 827 maycomprise nickel gold alloy, platinum gold alloy, tungsten, chrome-goldalloy, or palladium.

Finally, as shown in FIG. 8G, an insulating layer 831 can be formed toenclose the semiconductor optoelectronic structure while exposing then-type electrode 829 and the p-type electrode 827. The insulating layercomprises silicon dioxide, epoxy, silicon nitride, titanium dioxide, oraluminum nitride.

In addition, the differences between the structure of FIG. 8F and thestructure of FIG. 8F′ and between the structure of FIG. 8G and thestructure of FIG. 8G′ are that the p-type conductive layer 817 has arough surface. After the patterned silicon dioxide layer in thestructure of FIG. 8D is removed, the surface of the p-type conductivelayer 817 is etched to form an irregular surface using a wet etchprocess, a dry etch process, or an etch method using an inductivelycoupled plasma etcher. After the surface is roughened, the subsequentsteps of FIGS. 8E and 8F are continued.

In addition to the second method of the above embodiment of the presentinvention for manufacturing the four structures in FIGS. 8F, 8F′, 8G,and 8G′, the present invention provides another method for manufacturingother structures such as those in FIGS. 9A, 9A′, 9B, and 9B′. Thedifference between the method for manufacturing the four structures inFIGS. 8F, 8F′, 8G, and 8G′ and the method for manufacturing thestructures such as those in FIGS. 9A, 9A′, 9B, and 9B′ is that after thefirst wet etch for removing silicon dioxide layer 805 to form continuousgrooves 821 as shown in FIG. 8D is finished, a second wet etch processis moreover performed for roughening the surfaces of the lower bufferlayer 803 and the upper buffer layer/groove filling layer 807, therebyincreasing the light extraction efficiency of the semiconductoroptoelectronic structure. The second wet etch process introducesetchant, such as KOH solution, H2SO4 solution or H3PO4 solution, intothe semiconductor optoelectronic structure via the continuous grooves821 for etching the surfaces of the lower buffer layer 803 and the upperbuffer layer/groove filling layer 807 so as to obtain rough surfaces.During the second etch process, ultrasonic power and UV radiation energycan be used, and the temperature of the etchant is increased foraccelerating the reaction between the etchant and the Group III nitridegroove filling layer 807, resulting in finishing the reaction in severalseconds. The subsequent process steps are similar to those formanufacturing the embodiments shown in FIGS. 8E and 8F. Therefore, thedescriptions of the process steps are not provided here.

As shown in FIG. 9C, the continuous grooves formed by theabove-mentioned method steps may have a height 901 of from 0.05 to 2micrometers, and a width 903 of from 0.1 to 10 micrometers. The distance905 of the active layer and the continuous grooves is from approximately3 to 4 micrometers, facilitating the reflection of the light from theactive layer by the surface of the continuous grooves, and enhancing theluminous intensity of the light output surface. In addition, the activelayer and the surface of the p-type conductive layer are separated by adistance 907 of 0.15 to 3 micrometers, and such a distance facilitatesthe light from the active layer to pass through the light outputsurface.

The above-described embodiments of the present invention are intended tobe illustrative only. Numerous alternative embodiments may be devised bypersons skilled in the art without departing from the scope of thefollowing claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A semiconductor optoelectronic structure withincreased light extraction efficiency, comprising: a substrate; a bufferlayer formed on the substrate, comprising a pattern having pluralgrooves formed adjacent to the substrate; a semiconductor layer formedon the buffer layer, comprising: an n-type conductive layer formed onthe buffer layer; an active layer formed on the n-type conductive layer;and a p-type conductive layer formed on the active layer; a transparentelectrically conductive layer formed on the semiconductor layer; ap-type electrode formed on the transparent electrically conductivelayer; and an n-type electrode formed on the n-type conductive layer. 2.The semiconductor optoelectronic structure with increased lightextraction efficiency of claim 1, wherein the groove has a planarsurface or a roughened surface.
 3. The semiconductor optoelectronicstructure with increased light extraction efficiency of claim 2, whereina surface of the p-type conductive layer is planar or roughened.
 4. Thesemiconductor optoelectronic structure with increased light extractionefficiency of claim 1, wherein the pattern is partially continuous.
 5. Asemiconductor optoelectronic structure with increased light extractionefficiency, comprising: a substrate; a buffer layer formed on thesubstrate, comprising a groove pattern having plural grooves formedtherein; a semiconductor layer formed on the buffer layer, comprising:an n-type conductive layer formed on the buffer layer; an active layerformed on the n-type conductive layer; and a p-type conductive layerformed on the active layer; a transparent electrically conductive layerformed on the semiconductor layer; a p-type electrode formed on thetransparent electrically conductive layer; and an n-type electrodeformed on the n-type conductive layer.
 6. The semiconductoroptoelectronic structure with increased light extraction efficiency ofclaim 5, wherein the groove has a planar surface or a roughened surface.7. The semiconductor optoelectronic structure with increased lightextraction efficiency of claim 6, wherein a surface of the p-typeconductive layer is planar or roughened.
 8. The semiconductoroptoelectronic structure with increased light extraction efficiency ofclaim 5, wherein the groove pattern is partially continuous.